This memory analogy is faulty, and using hypnosis in this manner has been problematic and is just as likely to hinder an investigation as to help it. The use of hypnosis in these cases is to some degree based on the belief that the mind records memories like a camcorder and with help a victim can play back the movie. Occasionally, investigators get the idea of using hypnosis to refresh or clarify memories of a crime victim. Michael McGrath, in Forensic Victimology (Second Edition), 2014 Hypnosis We will conclude by exploring new intervention strategies that offer addicts and their families new hope in treating substance abuse. ![]() To Goldstein’s conceptualization we would add a fourth mechanism: the interaction between substance abuse and preexisting, concomitant, or resultant mental illness. This model hypothesizes that drugs lead to violence through three fundamental mechanisms: (1) pharmacological effect of drugs on the brain (2) violence associated with the addicts’ attempt to obtain the money needed to purchase drugs and (3) violence associated with the drug distribution system. This discussion will utilize Goldstein’s tripartite model in examining the drug–violence nexus. We will accomplish this by: (1) providing a brief history of the evolution of substance use with emphasis on American attitudes toward illicit drugs (2) exploring the associated epidemiology between substance abuse and violence and (3) examining how drug pharmacology interacts with individual differences as well as social factors to lead to an increase in violent behavior. The purpose of this article is to explore what we believe is a clear, but complex, relationship between substance abuse and violence. Other studies have shown that the user’s expectations of a drug’s effects, personality variables, and situational factors also influence the drug–violence relationship. A portion of the problem can be attributed to the fact that a significant portion of alcohol and drug abusers do not engage in violent behavior. However, support for a linear causal link between drug abuse and violence is elusive. Prisons in our country are disproportionately filled with substance abusers. It is well established that persons under the influence of alcohol or drugs or involved in the illicit drug trade commit more violent crime. The relationship between substance use and violence appears simple, but is in actuality deceptively complex. However, each culture, at some point in its maturation, has also become aware that substance use is a double-edged sword with associated health risks and cognitive impairments, while also increasing social ills such as aggression and violence within the society. These substances may provide the user with euphoria, relaxation, or other positive feelings. Michael Herkov, in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition), 2008 IntroductionĪ wide variety of substances have been used to achieve altered states of consciousness since the beginning of recorded history.
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